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Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation Donald E. Stokes
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press

Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press; 1997. The psychological value systems of psychologists. His favorite example of "use-inspired basic research" is Louis Pasteur's repeated success in working on genuine problems such as the spoilage of milk and failures of wine fermentation, to produce basic science breakthroughs about bacterial processes and vaccines. American Psychologist, 9, 787-789. Stokes DE: Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. (2012) “Performance-based university research funding systems”, Research Policy, 41(2), 251-261. Donald Stokes (Pascal's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, 1997) stresses work that is motivated by both considerations for use and fundamental understanding. An alternative model in which science and practice develop seamlessly is represented in the remarkable career of Louis Pasteur. Pasteur's quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation. Louis Pasteur and modern science. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.